A chorus of criticism greeted Friedrich Merz, the favorite to become Germany’s chancellor, last month when he broke a taboo against working with a hard-right party to pass legislation. But it was a lone voice of dissent that rocked the country’s political scene: Angela Merkel, the once-beloved former chancellor, who called Mr. Merz’s decision simply “wrong.”
Ms. Merkel and Mr. Merz have famously jockeyed to lead Germany’s Christian Democrats for much of this century. Ms. Merkel won the early rounds, served 16 years as chancellor, and retired in 2021. Mr. Merz finally has a chance to win her old job in elections this month.
But Ms. Merkel is complicating his efforts — both with her open critiques and, more important, with a policy legacy that German voters have soured on.
The German election is animated by concerns over a stagnant economy, a decade-long surge of immigration, high energy prices and tenuous national security, with Russia waging war to the east and President Trump threatening to upend NATO from the West. The problems have led to a reconsideration of Ms. Merkel and how she steered Germany.
It was Ms. Merkel who kept Germany’s borders open starting in 2015, allowing what became millions of refugees from Syria, Afghanistan and elsewhere to settle. That move has spurred a backlash among German voters. Many political leaders blame it for the rise of the hard-right party Alternative for Germany, or AfD, which has campaigned relentlessly on deporting certain immigrants and sits second behind the Christian Democrats in national polls.
It was Ms. Merkel who agreed to shut down the country’s nuclear power plants and increase Germany’s reliance on imported natural gas from Russia, helping to create an electricity price spike and a security crisis years later, after Moscow decided to turn off the taps following its full-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022.
And it was Ms. Merkel who, economists say, underinvested in revitalizing Germany’s critical infrastructure, contributing to what German business leaders often call a competitiveness crisis. She also pushed for deepened trade with China and the rest of the world. That bet on a globalized business model that has gone bad in a new age of populist protectionism by countries like the United States and increased competition from low-cost Chinese imports for Germany manufacturers.
In the waning weeks of the campaign, Ms. Merkel is taking criticism from all sides of the contest. Her memoir did not make the splash many analysts expected when it was released last fall. A poll released last week by the Bild news organization, conducted by the research agency INSA, found 43 percent of Germans now say Ms. Merkel’s policies were bad for the country, compared with 31 percent who say they were good.
In many ways, Ms. Merkel finds herself in a similar historical position to that of President Bill Clinton in America. She was once the most popular leader of her generation, on the strength of overseeing an economic boom. Now, like Mr. Clinton, who has seen public opinion turn strongly against his moves to sign NAFTA and throw open trade with China, she finds her legacy under attack.
She is responding with few regrets, and, with the election looming, by criticizing Mr. Merz.
That criticism has drawn a backlash, and a renewed focus on Ms. Merkel, even though she is not running for a parliamentary seat this month.
“Merkel’s book and her recent public statement are, unfortunately, more about insisting on being right than about providing working solutions to people’s current problems,” said Nico Lange, a former chief of staff to one of Ms. Merkel’s defense ministers. Her actions, he added, were “therefore perceived negatively, even by most of her former supporters.”
No single policy action is driving German voters in this election more than Ms. Merkel’s refugee decision in 2015.
At the time, Ms. Merkel praised the German public for embracing downtrodden migrants, even those who did not qualify for official refugee status. But German society has been strained by a decade-long influx of migrants who arrived with little or no German language knowledge, and who have often received significant social assistance.
A series of seemingly unrelated deadly attacks, carried out by immigrants in Germany cities over the last year, has vaulted migration to the top of voter concerns along with the economy.
Analysts roundly agree that attention has helped the AfD, parts of which have been classified as extremist by German intelligence.
Mr. Merz was attempting to address voters’ migration concerns when he pushed a package of tough-on-migration measures in Parliament late last month, breaking a postwar consensus against working to pass laws with parties deemed extreme.
Ms. Merkel’s decision to allow refugees to flow freely into the country “was just a big shock to Germany that we’re still grappling with, that explains some of the politics today,” said Cornelia Woll, a political scientist who is the president of the Hertie School, a private university in Berlin. “I think it’s fair to say, did we bite off more than we could chew?”
Economic research has generally found immigrants boosted the size of Germany’s economy over the past decade, by working and by spending money. By some measures, the nation has been more successful than many of its peers in helping immigrants integrate and learn the local language.
A report last year from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development found that the employment rate for immigrants in Germany hit 70 percent in 2022, a record and much higher than most other European Union countries.
Still, polls have shown rising voter unease with migration and crimes committed by immigrants. Politicians, including a wide range of chancellor candidates in this election, have increasingly responded by denouncing Ms. Merkel’s policies of welcome.
Alice Weidel, the chancellor candidate for the AfD, repeatedly raised and disparaged Ms. Merkel last month in an interview with the billionaire Elon Musk on his social media platform X.
Christian Lindner, the chancellor candidate for the pro-business Free Democrats, said in an interview that some German parties “have still not recognized what the overriding interest of the people in this country is — namely, a break with Merkel’s policies.”
Even Mr. Merz has piled on. “We find ourselves left with the tatters of 10 years of misguided asylum and migration policy in this country,” he said last month, impugning both Chancellor Olaf Scholz and Ms. Merkel.
Mr. Merz and his Christian Democrats joined the AfD to pass a mostly symbolic migration measure late last month; a second vote, aiming to toughen the migration law, ultimately failed amid some defections by party members.
Mr. Merkel’s criticism of Mr. Merz came just before the final vote and further strained her relationship with the party they share. Ms. Merkel declined to take an honorary party position after her retirement, as is often customary, and rarely appears at party events.
It also contributed to an image of stubbornness that has defined Ms. Merkel’s time out of office.
“She really does not recognize her mistakes,” said Stefan Meister, the head of the Center for Order and Governance in Eastern Europe, Russia and Central Asia at the German Council on Foreign Relations. “I think this is, for me, really crucial.”
In her autobiography, “Freedom,” Ms. Merkel seemingly blamed her successors in German’s mainstream political parties for aiding the rise of the AfD, by tacking to the right on its signature issue.
“The democratic parties have considerable influence over how strong AfD can become in practice,” Ms. Merkel wrote. “I am convinced that, if they assume they can keep it down by appropriating its pet topics and even trying to outdo it in rhetoric without offering any real solutions to existing problems, they will fail.”
And while she conceded few major errors on policy issues, Ms. Merkel’s book contained some broad admissions of fallibility.
“I know that I am not perfect and make mistakes,” she wrote, about halfway through its nearly 700 pages.
Near the end, she added, “A chancellor should never have to apologize too often, but neither should they shy away from doing so when unavoidable, for fear that it could be interpreted as weakness.”
Melissa Eddy contributed reporting.
